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Affordable and Eco-Conscious Next Gen LED's
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Posted by Okachinepa on 03/12/2025 @
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: LIU
Price, technical capabilities, and environmental effects—these are the three key factors for a new kind of LED technology to make a significant commercial impact on society. Researchers at Linköping University have shown this in a study published in Nature Sustainability.
Perovskite LEDs are less expensive and simpler to produce compared to conventional LEDs, and they can generate bright and vivid colors when utilized in displays. "I would assert that this represents the next generation of LED technology," states Feng Gao, an optoelectronics professor at Linköping University.
Nevertheless, for a technological transition to occur, where current LEDs are substituted with ones made from perovskite material, more than mere technical efficiency is necessary. This is the reason why Gao's research team has worked together with Professor Olof Hjelm and John Laurence Esguerra, who is an assistant professor at LiU. They focus on introducing innovations that contribute to environmental sustainability into the market.
Cost, technical features, and environmental impact—these are the three essential elements for a new type of LED technology to achieve a meaningful commercial influence on society. A study published in Nature Sustainability has demonstrated this by researchers at Linköping University.
Perovskite LEDs are more affordable and easier to manufacture than traditional LEDs, and they can produce bright and vibrant colors when used in screens. "I would claim that this signifies the next evolution of LED technology," says Feng Gao, a professor of optoelectronics at Linköping University.
However, for a technological shift to take place, replacing existing LEDs with those fabricated from perovskite material requires more than just technical efficiency. This is why Gao's research team collaborated with Professor Olof Hjelm and John Laurence Esguerra, an assistant professor at LiU. They aim to launch innovations that aid in environmental sustainability within the market.
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: LIU
An instance where life cycle analysis offers insight involves the minimal presence of harmful lead in perovskite LEDs. This is presently essential for the perovskites to function effectively. However, Hjelm suggests that concentrating solely on leads is an error. LEDs also contain various other materials, including gold.
The production of gold is highly harmful. Byproducts include substances like mercury and cyanide. "It also requires a significant amount of energy," he states.
The highest environmental benefit would be realized by substituting gold with copper, aluminum, or nickel, while still keeping the minimal quantity of lead necessary for the LED to operate effectively.
The researchers have determined that perovskite LEDs hold significant promise for long-term commercialization. They might potentially take the place of current LEDs, due to reduced costs and a smaller environmental footprint. The main concern is durability. Nonetheless, the progress of perovskite LEDs is speeding up, and their longevity is improving.
The researchers are convinced that it must total around 10,000 hours to have a beneficial environmental effect, which they consider attainable. Currently, the top perovskite LEDs operate for hundreds of hours.
Muyi Zhang, a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at LiU, states that much of the research emphasis to date has been on enhancing the technical capabilities of LED, a trend he thinks will evolve.
"Our goal is for our developments to be applied in real-life situations." However, we as researchers must expand our viewpoint. A product with excellent technical performance that is costly and not environmentally sustainable may struggle to be competitive in the marketplace. That perspective will progressively shape our research.
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Defect in Anti-Censorship Mechanisms to Enhance Worldwide Internet Liberty
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Posted by Okachinepa on 03/12/2025 @
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit:University of Michigan College of Engineering
Researchers at the University of Michigan have discovered a new time-based vulnerability that reveals a commonly used method for circumventing internet censorship. The results highlight the necessity to create stronger countermeasures for the millions of individuals in heavily censored areas who depend on evasion methods.
"In a time of rising internet censorship, guaranteeing that individuals can communicate openly and securely is more important than ever." "This study seeks to enhance the resources that enable people in censored areas to obtain information freely," stated Roya Ensafi, an associate professor of computer science and engineering at U-M and co-corresponding author of the research. The team recently showcased the results at the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium held in San Diego, California.
This results in varying round-trip times, the duration between a web request and a server's response, for the two layers. Censors can detect this distinction, bypassing techniques of obfuscation that were previously effective.
To assess the vulnerability, the research team assumed the role of a censor, utilizing a combination of experimental and genuine user proxy requests from eight different geographic areas. Round-trip times were utilized to determine if the outcomes matched more closely with our expectations from a direct connection or a proxy.
In the research, 80% of the 5,000 most commonly visited sites produced a recognizable fingerprint when utilizing an obfuscated proxy. Although the differences in round-trip time become more pronounced with greater geographical distance between the proxy server and the web server, such differences are present across all geographic areas when utilizing a proxy.
In contrast to earlier techniques that might focus on particular proxy protocols, the fingerprint method is effective for a diverse array of proxies, expanding its potential uses.
"By stressing the importance of timing factors, this approach uncovers critical weaknesses in existing proxy obfuscation methods, showcasing a domain that has been overlooked in the development of circumvention tools," stated Diwen Xue, a doctoral candidate in computer science and engineering at U-M and the study's lead author.
One alternative might be to postpone the acknowledgment receipt during the transmission phase by 500 milliseconds, which is the maximum time permitted. This minimizes the time gap between the transmission and application layers.
Multiplexing, which involves sending several requests simultaneously and getting responses in any sequence, can reduce detection risk by introducing uncertainty. Although these techniques may assist in decreasing detection temporarily, the researchers warn that they might generate a distinct fingerprint of their own.
"In the long run, a more principled approach necessitates not just the reduction of specific fingerprints, but also an accurate simulation of the timing patterns of 'normal' traffic." "Nonetheless, Xue stated that defining and measuring this normality continues to be a vibrant field of study."
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Studies Uncover 'Significant Weaknesses' in Deepfake Detection Systems.
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Posted by Okachinepa on 03/12/2025 @
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: arXiv
A global team of scientists is demanding immediate enhancements in deepfake detection technologies after discovering significant weaknesses in commonly used detection systems.
Research conducted by CSIRO, the national science organization of Australia, alongside Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) in South Korea, evaluated 16 prominent detectors and determined that none could effectively recognize genuine deepfakes in real-world scenarios. The research is released on the arXiv preprint platform.
Deepfakes are synthetic media created by artificial intelligence (AI) that can alter images, videos, or audio to produce hyper-realistic yet false content, leading to worries about misinformation, fraud, and breaches of privacy.
CSIRO cybersecurity specialist Dr. Sharif Abuadbba stated that the accessibility of generative AI has driven the swift increase in deepfakes, which are now more affordable and simpler to produce than ever before.
"Deepfakes are becoming more misleading and proficient in disseminating misinformation, thus creating an urgent demand for more flexible and robust methods to identify them," remarked Dr. Abuadbba.
"With deepfakes becoming increasingly realistic, detection should prioritize meaning and context rather than just appearance." By deconstructing detection techniques into their basic elements and rigorously testing them against actual deepfakes, we are facilitating the creation of tools more proficient in addressing various situations.
The researchers created a five-step framework that assesses detection tools according to deepfake type, detection technique, data preparation, model training, and validation. It recognizes 18 elements influencing accuracy, from the processing of data to the training and testing of models.
SKKU Professor Simon S. Woo stated that the partnership between CSIRO and SKKU has enhanced the field's comprehension of vulnerabilities in detection models.
"This research has enhanced our comprehension of the performance of deepfake detectors in practical scenarios, revealing significant weaknesses and leading to the development of more robust solutions," he stated.
The research additionally revealed that numerous existing detectors have difficulty with deepfakes that are not included in their training datasets.
For instance, the ICT (Identity Consistent Transformer) detector, trained on celebrity appearances, showed a notably reduced ability to identify deepfakes with non-celebrities.
CSIRO cybersecurity specialist Dr. Kristen Moore clarified that employing various detectors and different data origins enhances deepfake identification.
"We're creating detection models that combine audio, text, images, and metadata for enhanced accuracy," Dr. Moore stated. "Proactive approaches, including fingerprinting methods that trace the origins of deepfakes, improve detection and mitigation initiatives."
"To stay ahead of advancing deepfakes, detection models must also seek to integrate varied datasets, synthetic data, and contextual evaluation, expanding beyond mere images or audio."
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Enhancing The Comprehension of Ideal Orientation and Angle of Solar Panels
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Posted by Okachinepa on 03/09/2025 @
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: University of Oulu
In northern climates, solar energy production is greatlyinfluenced by seasonal changes, the position of the sun,geographical factors, temperature variations, and the presenceof snow. The effects were analyzed with solar panels placed atvarious orientations and angles on the roof. Solar photovoltaicproduction measurements were recorded every 15 minutes fromAugust 2021, as part of Vinay Shekar's doctoral research data.
Research based on empirical evidence regarding solar photovoltaic generation in northern latitudes has beencomparatively scarce when contrasted with temperate areas. Nonetheless, in recent years, it has been increasingly expanding,concentrating on issues like energy loss from snow, performancein freezing conditions, and economic feasibility. Oulu is situatedapproximately at 65 degrees north latitude.
"Our study offers valuable insights for enhancing the efficiencyof solar energy in northern areas." "The findings can be applied,for instance, in city planning, zoning, and building to optimizesolar energy generation," states Professor Eva Pongracz from theUniversity of Oulu.
As stated in the EU Solar Energy Strategy, by 2026, installing rooftop solar energy systems will be mandatory for all newly constructed public and commercial buildings with a usable floor area exceeding 250 m2 and eventually for all new residential structures.
The roof laboratory uses a total of 40 monocrystalline Si solar panels, with 12 panels installed on the roof at a tilt angle between 23° and 46°, and another 12 panels mounted vertically on the wall at a 90° angle, all facing the south.
The solar panel carousel setup consists of 16 panels: eight positioned at a 40° angle and eight standing upright. The slantedand upright panels were positioned in each of the eight cardinal and intercardinal directions. This system is employed to evaluatethe effect of azimuth on generation. No comparable panelcarousel is utilized in research anywhere else.
"The data from measurements suggest that, to optimize annualyield, it is ideal to install rooftop solar panels oriented towardsthe southeast or south." "The next most favorable direction is east due to the sun's trajectory, and after that, the third best is southwest," states Shekar. The researchers formulate their suggestions based on a comprehensive yearly assessment.
"According to our earlier studies, we also suggest a decreased tilt angle of 28° in place of the usual recommendation of 43°–48° for tilted panels," confirms doctoral researcher Shekar. This angle reduces shading and enhances annual yield marginally, by 3% relative to a 45° angle.
A lot of people are curious about how solar reflection (albedo) from snow impacts solar panels. "Shekar confirms that it certainly holds energy potential and merits an exploration of the details." "Throughout the snowy spring in March–April, vertical, south-facing wall panels managed to generate as much energy as they did in June–July, despite the significantly shorter daylight hours."
Nevertheless, during the year, south-facing 28° inclined roof panels generated 20% more energy than the vertical 90° wall panels. The extended summer days also led to increases in energy generation; the panels produce over fifty percent of their annual output from May to July.
Concentrating on the low-tilt, summer-optimized setup is probably the most effective way to enhance annual total production. Pongracz concludes, "We also advise against a hybrid installation method, such as placing some panels atvarying angles."
Measurement data for solar panels has been released on the Mendeley Data repository, and the most recent findings are undergoing scientific peer review for validation.
"According to Shekar, they illustrate the orientations that hold the greatest economic value and less effective orientations in northern climates, offering vital information for the cost-effective implementation of solar PV under the EU solar mandate."
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Spain Faces Pressure To Cancel The Nuclear Energy Phase-out
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Posted by Okachinepa on 03/09/2025 @
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: Iberdola
Spain, a frontrunner in renewable energy in Europe, is facing growing demands from right-wing factions and business organizations to reconsider its intention to decommission nuclear power facilities by 2035.
During the peak of excitement for nuclear energy in the 1980s, Spain operated eight nuclear facilities supplying 38 percent of its electricity. It currently has five, supplying 20 percent of its energy.
According to the nation's nuclear phase-out strategy, established in 2019 during Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's administration, the remaining plants will be shut down within the next ten years, as the country shifts its attention to renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
However, with the scheduled shutdown of the nation's oldest and most influential nuclear facility at Almaraz in western Spain in 2027-28 nearing, there is an increasing demand for Spain to emulate other European nations that are reinvigorating their nuclear energy.
The two reactors at Almaraz produce approximately seven percent of the overall electricity generated in the fourth-largest economy of the European Union.
The Nuclear Forum lobby group representing the sector stated that Spain's choice to shut down its plants "was made in a completely different industrial, geopolitical, social, and economic context" and is no longer sensible without "a viable alternative."
Nuclear energy will be essential to satisfy Spain's electricity requirements as demand is expected to rise dramatically due to increasing purchases of electric cars and the growth of data centers to support the heightened use of AI, it stated.
Ignacio Sanchez Galan, the chairman of the Spanish energy firm Iberdrola, which manages various nuclear power facilities and renewable energy sites, stated that nuclear power is "absolutely essential" for maintaining electricity supply.
Iberdrola is among approximately 30 companies that endorsed a manifesto last month advocating for the prolongation of Spain's nuclear power facilities.
"The manifesto stated that dismantling this infrastructure too early would lead to irreversible economic and social harm."
Courtesy of SynEvol
Credit: Iberdola
Due to the surge in gas prices following the Ukraine conflict, global interest in nuclear energy has reached its peak since the oil crises of the 1970s, as reported by the International Energy Agency.
The Netherlands and Sweden are intending to construct new nuclear facilities, whereas Belgium's newly elected conservative administration has changed a 20-year commitment to eliminate nuclear energy.
Last month, Italy's cabinet paved the way for a revival of nuclear energy, 25 years after shutting down its final reactors.
Spain's main opposition conservative party, the People's Party (PP), has intensified the pressure.
It has put forward a motion, which the parliament has ratified, urging the government to maintain the operation of the nuclear plants.
Last month, during a visit to the Almaraz facility, the prominent PP leader of Madrid's regional government, Isabel Diaz Ayuso, stated that the initiative was essential to "safeguard jobs and energy independence" and cautioned that Spain was "not prepared to substitute nuclear energy."
A study by PwC indicates that electricity prices in Spain may increase by 23 percent for residential users and by 35 percent for companies if the nation’s nuclear reactors are closed.
According to Enric Bartlett, a professor of environmental law at Esade Law School, giving up nuclear energy is a "significant shift" since it involves swapping a "steady and reliable energy source" for "less stable" alternatives like solar and wind, he informed AFP.
However, it ought to be feasible to shut down the remaining nuclear facilities "without interruptions" if Spain possesses sufficient installed capacity to produce electricity through alternative methods by 2035, along with "adequate transport and storage infrastructures," he noted.
"There needs to be a considerable rise in investment," Bartlett stated.
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